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A130777
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Coefficients of first difference of Chebyshev S polynomials.
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6
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1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -2, -1, 1, 1, 2, -3, -1, 1, -1, 3, 3, -4, -1, 1, -1, -3, 6, 4, -5, -1, 1, 1, -4, -6, 10, 5, -6, -1, 1, 1, 4, -10, -10, 15, 6, -7, -1, 1, -1, 5, 10, -20, -15, 21, 7, -8, -1, 1, -1, -5, 15, 20, -35, -21, 28, 8, -9, -1, 1, 1, -6, -15, 35, 35, -56, -28, 36, 9, -10, -1, 1
(list; table; graph; refs; listen; history; internal format)
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OFFSET
| 0,8
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COMMENTS
| Inverse of triangle in A061554.
Signed version of A046854.
Contribution from Paul Barry (pbarry(AT)wit.ie), May 21 2009: (Start)
Riordan array ((1-x)/(1+x^2),x/(1+x^2)).
This triangle is the coefficient triangle for the Hankel transforms of the family of generalized Catalan numbers that satisfy a(n;r)=r*a(n-1;r)+sum{k=1..n-2, a(k)*a(n-1-k;r)}, a(0;r)=a(1;r)=1. The Hankel transform of a(n;r) is h(n)=sum{k=0..n, T(n,k)*r^k} with g.f. (1-x)/(1-r*x+x^2). These sequences include A086246, A000108, A002212. (End)
From W. Lang, Jun 11 2011: (Start)
The Riordan array ((1+x)/(1+x^2),x/(1+x^2)) with entries Phat(n,k)= ((-1)^(n-k))*T(n,k) and o.g.f. Phat(x,z)=(1+z)/(1-x*z+z^2) for the row polynomials Phat(n,x) is related to Chebyshev C and S polynomials as follows.
Phat(n,x) = (R(n+1,x)-R(n,x))/(x+2) = S(2*n,sqrt(2+x))
with R(n,x)=C_n(x) in the Abramowitz and Stegun notation, p. 778, 22.5.11. See A049310 for the S polynomials. Proof from the o.g.f.s.
Recurrence for the row polynomials Phat(n,x):
Phat(n,x) = x*Phat(n-1,x) - Phat(n-2,x) for n>=1; Phat(-1,x)=-1, Phat(0,x)=1.
The A-sequence for this Riordan array Phat (see the W. Lang link under A006232 for A- and Z-sequences for Riordan matrices) is given by 1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -2, 0, -5,.., starting with 1 and interlacing the negated A000108 with zeros (o.g.f. 1/c(x^2) = 1-c(x^2)*x^2, with the o.g.f. c(x) of A000108).
The Z-sequence has o.g.f. sqrt((1-2*x)/(1+2*x)), and it is given by A063886(n)*(-1)^n.
The A-sequence of the Riordan array T(n,k) is identical with the one for the Riordan array Phat, and the Z-sequence is -A063886(n).
(End)
The row polynomials P(n,x) are the characteristic polynomials of the adjacency matrices of the graphs which look like P_n (n vertices (nodes), n-1 lines (edges)), but vertex no. 1 has a loop. - From Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 17 2011.
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REFERENCES
| M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964. Tenth printing, Wiley, 2002 (also electronically available).
Peter Steinbach, Golden Fields: A case for the heptagon, Mathematics Magazine 70 (1997) p. 22-31 (formula 5).
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LINKS
| Index entries for sequences related to Chebyshev polynomials.
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FORMULA
| Number triangle T(n,k)=(-1)^C(n-k+1,2)*C(floor((n+k)/2),k). [From Paul Barry (pbarry(AT)wit.ie), May 21 2009]
From W. Lang, Jun 11 2011: (Start)
Row polynomials: P(n,x):= sum(k=0..n, T(n,k)*x^k ) = R(2*n+1,sqrt(2+x)) / sqrt(2+x), with Chebyshev polynomials R with coefficients given in A127672 (scaled T-polynomials).
R(n,x) is called C_n(x) in Abramowitz and Stegun's handbook, p. 778, 22.5.11.
P(n,x) = S(n,x)-S(n-1,x), n>=0, S(-1,x)=0, with the Chebyshev S-polynomials (see the coefficient triangle A049310).
O.g.f. for row polynomials: P(x,z):= sum(n>=0, P(n,x)*z^n ) = (1-z)/(1-x*z+z^2).
(from the o.g.f. for R(2*n+1,x), n>=0, computed from the o.g.f. for the R-polynomials (2-x*z)/(1-x*z+z^2) (see A127672).)
Proof of the Chebyshev connection from the o.g.f. for Riordan array property of this triangle (see the P. Barry comment above).
For the A- and Z-sequences of this Riordan array see a comment above. (End)
From Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 08 2011: (Start)
abs(T(n,k)) = A046854(n,k) = abs(A066170(n,k))
T(n,n-k) = A108299(n,k); abs(T(n,n-k) ) = A065941(n,k) (End)
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EXAMPLE
| Triangle begins:
1;
-1, 1;
-1, -1, 1;
1, -2, -1, 1;
1, 2, -3, -1, 1;
-1, 3, 3, -4, -1, 1;
-1, -3, 6, 4, -5, -1, 1;
1, -4, -6, 10, 5, -6, -1, 1;
1, 4, -10, -10, 15, 6, -7, -1, 1 ;...
Contribution from Paul Barry (pbarry(AT)wit.ie), May 21 2009: (Start)
Production matrix is
-1, 1,
-2, 0, 1,
-2, -1, 0, 1,
-4, 0, -1, 0, 1,
-6, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1,
-12, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1,
-20, -2, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1,
-40, 0, -2, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1,
-70, -5, 0, -2, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1 (End)
Row polynomials as first difference of S polynomials:
P(3,x) = S(3,x) - S(2,x) = (x^3 - 2*x) - (x^2 -1) =
1 - 2*x - x^2 +x^3.
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MAPLE
| A130777 := proc(n, k): (-1)^binomial(n-k+1, 2)*binomial(floor((n+k)/2), k) end: seq(seq(A130777(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..11); [Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 08 11]
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CROSSREFS
| Cf. A066170, A046854.
Sequence in context: A179748 A096670 A130461 * A046854 A187660 A066170
Adjacent sequences: A130774 A130775 A130776 * A130778 A130779 A130780
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KEYWORD
| sign,tabl
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AUTHOR
| Philippe DELEHAM (kolotoko(AT)wanadoo.fr), Jul 14 2007
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EXTENSIONS
| New name and Chebyshev comments by W. Lang, Jun 11 2010.
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