A121988 Number of vertices of the n-th multiplihedron.

0, 1, 2, 6, 21, 80, 322, 1348, 5814, 25674, 115566, 528528, 2449746, 11485068, 54377288, 259663576, 1249249981, 6049846848, 29469261934, 144293491564, 709806846980, 3506278661820, 17385618278700, 86500622296800, 431718990188850, 2160826237261692

Offset

0,3

Comments

G.f. = x*c(x)*c(x*c(x)) where c(x) is the generating function of the Catalan numbers C(n). Thus a(n) is the Catalan transform of the sequence C(n-1). Reference for the definition of Catalan transform is the paper by Paul Barry. - Stefan Forcey (sforcey(AT)tnstate.edu), Aug 02 2007

A129442 is an essentially identical sequence. - R. J. Mathar, Jun 13 2008

From Peter Bala, Jan 27 2020: (Start)

This sequence is the main diagonal of the lower triangular array formed by putting the sequence [0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42, ...] of Catalan numbers (with 0 prepended) in the first column (k = 0) of the array and then completing the triangle using the relation T(n,k) = T(n-1,k) + T(n,k-1) for k >= 1.

0

1 1

1 2 2

2 4 6 6

5 9 15 21 21

14 23 38 59 80 80

...

Cf. A307495.

Alternatively, the sequence can be obtained by multiplying the above sequence of Catalan numbers by the array A106566.

(End)

Links

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..500

R. Bacher, On generating series of complementary plane trees arXiv:math/0409050 [math.CO], 2004. See p. 19.

Paul Barry, A Catalan Transform and Related Transformations on Integer Sequences, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 8 (2005), Article 05.4.5, pp. 1-24.

David Callan, A combinatorial interpretation of the Catalan transform of the Catalan numbers, arXiv:1111.0996 [math.CO], 2011.

Stefan Forcey, Convex Hull Realizations of the Multiplihedra, Theorem 3.2, p. 8, arXiv:0706.3226 [math.AT], 2007-2008.

Stefan Forcey, Aaron Lauve, Frank Sottile, New Hopf Structures on Binary Trees, dmtcs:2740 - Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, January 1, 2009, DMTCS Proceedings vol. AK, 21st International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2009).

Elżbieta Liszewska, Wojciech Młotkowski, Some relatives of the Catalan sequence, arXiv:1907.10725 [math.CO], 2019.

Tian-Xiao He, Louis W. Shapiro, Row sums and alternating sums of Riordan arrays, Linear Algebra and its Applications, Volume 507, 15 October 2016, Pages 77-95.

Formula

a(0) = 0; a(n) = C(n-1) + Sum_{i=1..(n-1)} a(i)*a(n-i), where C(n) = A000108(n).

G.f.: (1-sqrt(2*sqrt(1-4x)-1))/2. a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n}(binomial(2*n-k-1,n-1)*binomial(2k-2, k-1)); a(0)=0. - Stefan Forcey (sforcey(AT)tnstate.edu), Aug 02 2007

a(n) = Sum_{k, 0<=k<=n} A106566(n,k)*A000108(k-1) with A000108(-1)=0. - Philippe Deléham, Aug 27 2007

D-finite with recurrence 3*(n-1)*n*a(n) = 14*(n-1)*(2*n-3)*a(n-1) - 4*(4*n-9)*(4*n-7)*a(n-2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 19 2012

a(n) ~ 2^(4*n-5/2)/(sqrt(Pi)*3^(n-1/2)*n^(3/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 19 2012

G.f.: A(x) satisfies A(x)=x*(1+A(x))/((1-A(x))*(1+A(x)^3). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Jun 01 2014

G.f. is series reversion of (x - x^2) * (1 - x + x^2) = x - 2*x^2 + 2*x^3 - x^4. - Michael Somos, Jun 01 2014

Example

G.f. = x + 2*x^2 + 6*x^3 + 21*x^4 + 80*x^5 + 322*x^6 + 1348*x^7 + 5814*x^8 + ...

Maple

a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<3, n, (14*(n-1)*(2*n-3)*a(n-1)
      -4*(4*n-9)*(4*n-7)*a(n-2))/ (3*n*(n-1)))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Oct 20 2012

Mathematica

a[0] = 0; a[n_] := a[n] = (2 n - 2)!/((n - 1)! n!) + Sum[ a[i]*a[n - i], {i, n - 1}]; Table[ a@n, {n, 0, 24}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jun 28 2007 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 1, 0, SeriesCoefficient[ InverseSeries[ Series[ x - 2 x^2 + 2 x^3 - x^4, {x, 0, n}]], {x, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Jun 01 2014 *)
a[0] = 0; a[n_] := Binomial[2n-2, n-1]*Hypergeometric2F1[1/2, 1-n, 2-2n, 4] /n; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 30}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 31 2016 *)

Prog

(PARI) {a(n) = if( n<1, 0, polcoeff( serreverse( x - 2*x^2 + 2*x^3 - x^4 + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 01 2014 */

Crossrefs

Cf. A000108, A129442, A007317, A164965, A106566, A158826, A307495.

Sequence in context: A106228 A150204 A129442 * A150205 A150206 A150207

Adjacent sequences: A121985 A121986 A121987 * A121989 A121990 A121991

Keyword

easy,nonn

Author

Jonathan Vos Post, Jun 24 2007

Extensions

More terms from Robert G. Wilson v, Jun 28 2007

Status

approved