A116456 a(n) is the number of words of length 2n in the language F, the language of "parity-constrained-shuffle of well-parenthesized words".

1, 2, 8, 40, 228, 1424, 9520, 67064, 492292, 3735112, 29114128, 232077344, 1885195276, 15562235264, 130263211680, 1103650297320, 9450760284100, 81696139565864, 712188311673280, 6255662512111248, 55324571848957688, 492328039660580784, 4406003100524940624, 39635193868649858744, 358245485706959890508

Offset

0,2

Comments

More precisely: Take a Dyck word on the alphabet {a,b} and a Dyck word on the alphabet {c,d}. I.e., you have 2 words with well-balanced parentheses (a/b and c/d are considered as 2 sets of parentheses). Make a shuffle of these 2 words, with the constraint that each "a" at an even (resp. odd) position is closed by a "b" at an odd (resp. even) position. Impose the similar constraint for "c" and "d". F is the language of all such "parity-constrained" shuffles of 2 Dyck Languages. a(n) is also related to the number of ways of linking (without any crossing) even and odd integers (from 1 to 2n).

These objects were considered by Guitter et al., 1999.

Links

Olivier Golinelli, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..34

Philippe Di Francesco, Bertrand Duplantier, Olivier Golinelli, and Emmanuel Guitter, Exponents for Hamiltonian paths on random bicubic maps and KPZ, arXiv:2210.08887 [math-ph], 2022.

E. Guitter, C. Kristjansen, and J. L. Nielsen, Hamiltonian Cycles on Random Eulerian Triangulations, arXiv:cond-mat/9811289 [cond-mat.stat-mech], 1998; Nucl. Phys. B546 (1999), 731-750. doi:10.1016/S0550-3213(99)00058-9

Formula

a(n) = 2 * A028475(n) for n >= 1. - Sean A. Irvine, Feb 01 2020

Example

a(4)=228. Here are the 228 words of length 8:
[cdccddcd, cccdcddd, cdcdcdcd, cdcdccdd, cccdddcd, cccddcdd, cdccdcdd, ccdcddcd, ccdcdcdd, ccdccddd, ccddcdcd, cdcccddd, ccddccdd, ccccdddd, ccddabcd, ccddacdb, ccddcdab, ccddcabd, ccdabdcd, ccabddcd, cabcddcd, cacdbdcd, abcccddd, acccdddb, abccdcdd, accdcddb, cdcdabcd, cdcdacdb, cdcdcdab, cdcdcabd, cdcabdcd, cdacdcdb, cdacdbcd, cdabcdcd, cabdcdcd, cabdccdd, cdabccdd, cdaccddb, ccabdcdd, ccdabcdd, ccdacdbd, ccdcabdd, ccdcddab, ccdcdabd, cabcdcdd, cacdbcdd, cacdcdbd, cdccabdd, cdccddab, cdccdabd, caccddbd, cabccddd, ccacdbdd, ccabcddd, cccabddd, cccdabdd,
cccdddab, cccddabd, abccddcd, accddbcd, accddcdb, abcdccdd, acdbccdd, acdccddb, abcdcdcd, acdbcdcd, acdcdcdb, acdcdbcd, cdcabcdd, cdcacdbd, cdcdaabb, cdaacdbb, caacdbbd, caabbcdd, caabcdbd, cacdabbd, ccddaabb, ccaabbdd, ccaaddbb, abcdcdab, acdbabcd, acdbacdb, acdbcdab, acdcdbab, acdbcabd, acdcdabb, acdabbcd, acdabcdb, acdacdbb, acdcabdb, acabdbcd, abcabdcd, abcdcabd, cdacdbab, cdabcabd, cdababcd, cdabacdb, cdabcdab, cababdcd, ababcdcd, abacdbcd, abacdcdb, abcdabcd, abcdacdb, accbaddb, accddbab, cabdcdab, cabdcabd, acabdcdb, aacdbcdb, aacdcdbb, aabbcdcd,
aabcdbcd, aabcdcdb, cababcdd, cabacdbd, cabcabdd, aacdbbcd, caabbdcd, cabcddab, cabcdabd, ccababdd, ccabddab, ccabdabd, cacdbdab, cacdbabd, accabddb, aaccddbb, aabbccdd, aabccddb, accdabdb, accddabb, acacdbdb, acabcddb, cdcabdab, cdcababd, cdcdabab, cabdabcd, cabdacdb, ccdaabbd, cacabdbd, aaccbbdd, abaccddb, ccdabdab, ccdababd, ccddabab, abcabcdd, abcacdbd, abccabdd, abccddab, abccdabd, ababccdd, caadcbbd, cdacdabb, cdaabbcd, cdaabcdb, cdacabdb, cdcaabbd, acdbabab, caababbd, cabdaabb, abcabdab, abcababd, aabcabdb, aabacdbb, cdaaabbb, caabbdab, caabbabd, cdaabbab, acababdb, acabdabb, acdababb, aabcdabb, aababbcd, aacdbabb, aababcdb, abcdabab, abacdbab, ababcabd, abababcd, cabaabbd, caaabbbd, aacdabbb, aaacdbbb, aaabbbcd, aacabdbb, aaabbcdb, aaabcdbb, abacdabb, abaabbcd, abaabcdb, abaacdbb, abacabdb, abcaabbd, abcdaabb, acdbaabb, cdaababb, cababdab, cabababd, cabdabab, cdababab, cdabaabb, acdaabbb, acaabbdb, acdabbab, aacdbbab, acabdbab, aabcdbab, aabbcabd, aabbabcd, aabbacdb,
aabbcdab, ababacdb, ababcdab, abaabbab, aaababbb, abababab, ababaabb, aaabbbab, aaabbabb, abaababb, aababbab, aabababb, aabaabbb, aabbabab, abaaabbb, aabbaabb, aaaabbbb]

Crossrefs

Cf. A028475.

Sequence in context: A089603 A343146 A209358 * A341876 A305406 A296050

Adjacent sequences: A116453 A116454 A116455 * A116457 A116458 A116459

Keyword

nonn,hard

Author

Cyril Banderier, Mar 16 2006

Extensions

More terms a(21)-a(32) from Cyril Banderier, Nov 06 2022

Status

approved