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A091964
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Number of left factors of peakless Motzkin paths of length n.
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7
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1, 2, 4, 9, 21, 50, 121, 296, 730, 1812, 4521, 11328, 28485, 71844, 181674, 460443, 1169283, 2974574, 7578937, 19337489, 49401526, 126350742, 323495259, 829033334, 2126454271, 5458711430, 14023219126, 36049991901, 92734505565
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OFFSET
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0,2
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COMMENTS
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Number of paths from (0,0) to the line x=n, consisting of steps u=(1,1), h=(1,0), d=(1,-1), that never go below the x-axis and a u step is never followed by a d step.
a(n) is also the number of peakless Motzkin paths of length n in which the (1,0)-steps at level 0 come in 2 colors. Example: a(4)=21 because, denoting u=(1,1), h=(1,0), and d=(1,-1), we have 2^4 = 16 paths of shape hhhh, 2 paths of shape huhd, 2 paths of shape uhdh, and 1 path of shape uhhd. - Emeric Deutsch, May 03 2011
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LINKS
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Andrei Asinowski, Axel Bacher, Cyril Banderier, Bernhard Gittenberger, Analytic Combinatorics of Lattice Paths with Forbidden Patterns: Enumerative Aspects, in International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications, S. Klein, C. Martín-Vide, D. Shapira (eds), Springer, Cham, pp 195-206, 2018.
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FORMULA
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G.f.: 2/(1 - 3*z + z^2 + sqrt(1 - 2*z - z^2 - 2*z^3 + z^4)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} C(n-floor(k/2), floor((k+1)/2)) * C(n-floor((k+1)/2), floor(k/2)). - Paul D. Hanna, Mar 24 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} C(floor((n+k)/2),k)*C(floor((n+k+1)/2),k). - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 31 2006
G.f.: 1/(1-x-x/(1-x^2/(1-x/(1-x^2/(1-x/(1-x^2/(1-... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Jun 30 2009
D-finite with recurrence (n+1)*a(n) + 2*(-n-1)*a(n-1) + (-n+1)*a(n-2) + 2*(-n+3)*a(n-3) + (n-3)*a(n-4) = 0. - R. J. Mathar, Nov 24 2012
a(n) ~ (3+sqrt(5))^n / (sqrt(7*sqrt(5)-15) * sqrt(Pi*n) * 2^(n-1/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 12 2014
Equivalently, a(n) ~ phi^(2*n + 2) / (5^(1/4) * sqrt(Pi*n)), where phi = A001622 is the golden ratio. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 08 2021
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EXAMPLE
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a(2)=4 because we have hh, hu, uh and uu.
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MATHEMATICA
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CoefficientList[Series[2/(1-3*x+x^2+Sqrt[1-2*x-x^2-2*x^3+x^4]), {x, 0, 20}], x] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 12 2014 *)
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PROG
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(PARI) a(n)=sum(k=0, n, binomial(n-k\2, (k+1)\2)*binomial(n-(k+1)\2, k\2)) \\ Paul D. Hanna, Mar 24 2005
(PARI) a(n)=sum(k=0, n, binomial((n+k)\2, k)*binomial((n+k+1)\2, k)) \\ Paul D. Hanna, Oct 31 2006
(Magma) [(&+[Binomial(Floor((n+k)/2), k)*Binomial(Floor((n+k+1)/2), k): k in [0..n]]): n in [0..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Feb 26 2019
(Sage) [sum(binomial(floor((n+k)/2), k)*binomial(floor((n+k+1)/2), k) for k in (0..n)) for n in (0..30)] # G. C. Greubel, Feb 26 2019
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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