A071838 a(n) = Pi(8,3)(n) + Pi(8,5)(n) - Pi(8,1)(n) - Pi(8,7)(n) where Pi(a,b)(x) denotes the number of primes in the arithmetic progression a*k + b less than or equal to x.

0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2

Offset

1,5

Comments

a(n) is the number of odd primes <= n that have 2 as a quadratic nonresidue minus the number of primes <= n that have 2 as a quadratic residue. See the comments about "Chebyshev's bias" in A321861. - Jianing Song, Nov 24 2018

Although the initial terms are nonnegative, infinitely many terms should be negative. For which n does a(n) = -1?

The first negative term occurs at a(11100143) = -1. - Jianing Song, Nov 08 2019

Links

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000

Wikipedia, Chebyshev's bias

Formula

a(n) = -Sum_{primes p<=n} Kronecker(2,p) = -Sum_{primes p<=n} A091337(p). - Jianing Song, Nov 20 2018

Mathematica

Accumulate@ Array[-If[PrimeQ@ #, KroneckerSymbol[2, #], 0] &, 105] (* Michael De Vlieger, Nov 25 2018 *)

Prog

(PARI) for(n=1, 200, print1(sum(i=1, n, if((i*isprime(i)-3)%8, 0, 1)+if((i*isprime(i)-5)%8, 0, 1)-if((i*isprime(i)-1)%8, 0, 1)-if((i*isprime(i)-7)%8, 0, 1)), ", ")) \\ Program fixed by Jianing Song, Nov 08 2019
(PARI) a(n) = -sum(i=1, n, isprime(i)*kronecker(2, i)) \\ Jianing Song, Nov 24 2018

Crossrefs

Cf. A091337.

Let d be a fundamental discriminant.

Sequences of the form "a(n) = -Sum_{primes p<=n} Kronecker(d,p)" with |d| <= 12: A321860 (d=-11), A320857 (d=-8), A321859 (d=-7), A066520 (d=-4), A321856 (d=-3), A321857 (d=5), this sequence (d=8), A321858 (d=12).

Sequences of the form "a(n) = -Sum_{i=1..n} Kronecker(d,prime(i))" with |d| <= 12: A321865 (d=-11), A320858 (d=-8), A321864 (d=-7), A038698 (d=-4), A112632 (d=-3), A321862 (d=5), A321861 (d=8), A321863 (d=12).

Sequence in context: A238643 A140193 A073741 * A157896 A358469 A156072

Adjacent sequences: A071835 A071836 A071837 * A071839 A071840 A071841

Keyword

easy,sign

Author

Benoit Cloitre, Jun 08 2002

Extensions

Edited by Peter Munn, Nov 19 2023

Status

approved