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A060941 Duchon's numbers: the number of paths of length 5*n from the origin to the line y = 2*x/3 with unit East and North steps that stay below the line or touch it. 18
1, 2, 23, 377, 7229, 151491, 3361598, 77635093, 1846620581, 44930294909, 1113015378438, 27976770344941, 711771461238122, 18293652115906958, 474274581883631615, 12388371266483017545, 325714829431573496525, 8613086428709348334675, 228925936056388155632081 (list; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
OFFSET
0,2
COMMENTS
A generalization of the ballot numbers.
LINKS
C. Banderier, Home page
Cyril Banderier and Philippe Flajolet, Basic Analytic Combinatorics of Lattice Paths, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 281 (2002), 37-80.
D. Bevan, D. Levin, P. Nugent, J. Pantone, and L. Pudwell, Pattern avoidance in forests of binary shrubs, arXiv preprint arXiv:1510:08036 [math.CO], 2015.
Daniel Birmajer, Juan B. Gil, Peter R. W. McNamara, and Michael D. Weiner, Enumeration of colored Dyck paths via partial Bell polynomials, arXiv:1602.03550 [math.CO], 2016.
M. T. L. Bizley, Annotated copy of page 59
M. Bousquet-Mélou and A. Jehanne, Polynomial equations with one catalytic variable, algebraic series and map enumeration, arXiv:math/0504018 [math.CO], 2005.
P. Duchon, Home Page
Philippe Duchon, On the enumeration and generation of generalized Dyck words, Discrete Mathematics 225, 2000, 121-135.
Bryan Ek, Lattice Walk Enumeration, arXiv:1803.10920 [math.CO], 2018.
P. Flajolet, Home page
Don Knuth, 20th Anniversary Christmas Tree Lecture [A060941 is mentioned after about 65 minutes - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 09 2014]
Michael Wallner, Combinatorics of lattice paths and tree-like structures (Dissertation, Institut für Diskrete Mathematik und Geometrie, Technische Universität Wien), 2016.
FORMULA
a(n) = Sum_{i=0..n} 1/(5*n+i+1) * C(5*n+1, n-i) * C(5*n+2*i, i).
a(n) = Sum_{i=0..2*n} (-1)^i/(5*i+1) * C((5*i+1)/2, i) * 1/(1+5*(2*n-i)) * C((1+5*(2*n-i))/2, 2*n-i).
G.f. A(z) satisfies: A(z) = 1+2*z*A^5-z*A^6+z*A^7+z^2*A^10. [Corrected by Bryan T. Ek, Oct 30 2017]
G.f.: A(z) = exp(C(5,2)*z/5 + C(10,4)*z^2/10 + C(15,6)*z^3/15 + ...). - Don Knuth, Oct 05 2014
Recurrence: 216*(n-1)*n*(2*n-1)*(3*n-4)*(3*n-2)*(3*n-1)*(3*n+1)*(6*n-1)*(6*n+1)*(5625*n^4 - 38550*n^3 + 97425*n^2 - 107784*n + 44044)*a(n) = 540*(n-1)*(3*n-4)*(3*n-2)*(126562500*n^10 - 1373625000*n^9 + 6557484375*n^8 - 18192221250*n^7 + 32549973750*n^6 - 39248008800*n^5 + 32203028675*n^4 - 17641491134*n^3 + 6113558828*n^2 - 1191132600*n + 96112128)*a(n-1) - 450*(5*n-9)*(5*n-8)*(5*n-7)*(5*n-6)*(63281250*n^9 - 718453125*n^8 + 3556125000*n^7 - 10046426250*n^6 + 17765816250*n^5 - 20240090325*n^4 + 14698993900*n^3 - 6468702396*n^2 + 1533535184*n - 142988160)*a(n-2) + 78125*(n-2)*(5*n-14)*(5*n-13)*(5*n-12)*(5*n-11)*(5*n-9)*(5*n-8)*(5*n-7)*(5*n-6)*(5625*n^4 - 16050*n^3 + 15525*n^2 - 6084*n + 760)*a(n-3). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 05 2014
Asymptotics (Duchon, 2000): a(n) ~ c * (3125/108)^n / n^(3/2), where c = 0.0876612192439026461763141944768209255550234422281635788... (constant corrected, in the reference "On the enumeration and generation of generalized Dyck words", p.132 is a wrong value 0.0887). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 05 2014, c = sqrt(5*(10^(2/3) - 5^(1/3)/2^(2/3) - 2))/(18*sqrt(Pi)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 16 2021
a(n) = Gamma(n+4/5)*Gamma(n+3/5)*Gamma(n+2/5)*3125^n*hypergeom([-n, (5/2)*n+1, (5/2)*n+1/2], [5*n+2, 4*n+2], -4)*Gamma(n+1/5)/ (Pi^2*csc((2/5)*Pi)*csc((1/5)*Pi)*Gamma(4*n+2)). - Robert Israel, Oct 05 2014
a(n) = A002294(n)*hypergeom([-n,5*n/2+1/2,5*n/2+1],[4*n+2,5*n+2],-4). - Peter Luschny, Oct 05 2014
O.g.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x)^5 = 1/x*series reversion( x/((1+x)*C(x))^5 ), where C(x) = (1 - sqrt(1 - 4*x))/(2*x) is the o.g.f. for the Catalan numbers A000108. See A001450. - Peter Bala, Oct 05 2015
The sequence defined by b(n) := [x^n] A(x)^n begins [1, 2, 50, 1415, 42258, 1300727, 40820837, 1298493730, ...] and conjecturally satisfies the congruence b(p) == b(1) (mod p^3) for prime p >= 7 (checked up to p = 101). - Peter Bala, Sep 12 2021
MAPLE
A060941 := n -> hypergeom([-n, 5*n/2+1/2, 5*n/2+1], [4*n+2, 5*n+2], -4)* binomial(5*n, n)/(4*n+1); seq(simplify(A060941(n)), n=0..18); # Peter Luschny, Oct 05 2014
MATHEMATICA
a[n_] := ((5n)!*(5n + 1)!*HypergeometricPFQRegularized[{-n, 5n/2 + 1/2, 5n/2 + 1}, {4n + 2, 5n + 2}, -4])/n!; a /@ Range[0, 16]
(* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 30 2011, after given formula *)
PROG
(Sage)
A060941 = lambda n : hypergeometric([-n, 5*n/2+1/2, 5*n/2+1], [4*n+2, 5*n+2], -4)*gamma(1+5*n)/(gamma(1+n)*gamma(2+4*n))
[A060941(n).simplify() for n in range(19)] # Peter Luschny, Oct 05 2014
(Magma) [&+[1/(5*n+i+1)*Binomial(5*n+1, n-i)*Binomial(5*n+2*i, i): i in [0..n]]: n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 12 2016
CROSSREFS
See A293946 for a closely related sequence, also from the Bizley paper.
Sequence in context: A234868 A239109 A266923 * A338178 A219890 A119774
KEYWORD
nice,nonn
AUTHOR
Philippe Flajolet, May 12 2001
STATUS
approved

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Last modified March 28 10:31 EDT 2024. Contains 371240 sequences. (Running on oeis4.)