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%I #67 Oct 09 2022 08:06:20
%S 1,1,1,3,2,1,13,7,3,1,71,32,12,4,1,461,177,58,18,5,1,3447,1142,327,92,
%T 25,6,1,29093,8411,2109,531,135,33,7,1,273343,69692,15366,3440,800,
%U 188,42,8,1,2829325,642581,125316,24892,5226,1146,252,52,9,1
%N Triangle T(n,k) (1 <= k <= n) read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of permutations of [1..n] with k components.
%H G. C. Greubel, <a href="/A059438/b059438.txt">Table of n, a(n) for the first 50 rows, flattened</a>
%H Louis Comtet, <a href="https://archive.org/details/Comtet_Louis_-_Advanced_Coatorics">Advanced Combinatorics</a>, Reidel, 1974, p. 262 (#14).
%H Antonio Di Crescenzo, Barbara Martinucci, and Abdelaziz Rhandi, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4312">A linear birth-death process on a star graph and its diffusion approximation</a>, arXiv:1405.4312 [math.PR], 2014.
%H FindStat - Combinatorial Statistic Finder, <a href="http://www.findstat.org/StatisticsDatabase/St000056">The decomposition number of a permutation.</a>
%H Peter Hegarty and Anders Martinsson, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.4798">On the existence of accessible paths in various models of fitness landscapes</a>, arXiv:1210.4798 [math.PR], 2012-2014. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Jan 01 2013
%H Sergey Kitaev and Philip B. Zhang, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07679">Distributions of mesh patterns of short lengths</a>, arXiv:1811.07679 [math.CO], 2018.
%F Let f(x) = Sum_{n >= 0} n!*x^n, g(x) = 1 - 1/f(x). Then g(x) is g.f. for first diagonal A003319 and Sum_{n >= k} T(n, k)*x^n = g(x)^k.
%F Triangle T(n, k), n > 0 and k > 0, read by rows; given by [0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, ...] DELTA A000007 where DELTA is Deléham's operator defined in A084938.
%F T(n+k, k) = Sum_{a_1 + a_2 + ... + a_k = n} A003319(a_1)*A003319(a_2)*...*A003319(a_k). T(n, k) = 0 if n < k, T(n, 1) = A003319(n) and for n >= k T(n, k)= Sum_{j>=1} T(n-j, k-1)* A003319(j). A059438 is formed from the self convolution of its first column (A003319). - _Philippe Deléham_, Feb 04 2004
%F Sum_{k>0} T(n, k) = n!; see A000142. - _Philippe Deléham_, Feb 05 2004
%F If g(x) = x + x^2 + 3*x^3 + 13*x^4 + ... is the generating function for the number of permutations with no global descents, then 1/(1-g(x)) is the generating function for n!. Setting t=1 in f(x, t) implies Sum_{k=1..n} T(n,k) = n!. Let g(x) be the o.g.f. for A003319. Then the o.g.f. for this table is given by f(x, t) = 1/(1 - t*g(x)) - 1 (i.e., the coefficient of x^n*t^k in f(x,t) is T(n,k)). - _Mike Zabrocki_, Jul 29 2004
%e Triangle begins:
%e [1] [ 1]
%e [2] [ 1, 1]
%e [3] [ 3, 2, 1]
%e [4] [ 13, 7, 3, 1]
%e [5] [ 71, 32, 12, 4, 1]
%e [6] [ 461, 177, 58, 18, 5, 1]
%e [7] [ 3447, 1142, 327, 92, 25, 6, 1]
%e [8] [ 29093, 8411, 2109, 531, 135, 33, 7, 1]
%e [9] [273343, 69692, 15366, 3440, 800, 188, 42, 8, 1]
%p # Uses function PMatrix from A357368. Adds column 1, 0, 0, ... to the left.
%p PMatrix(10, A003319); # _Peter Luschny_, Oct 09 2022
%t (* p = indecomposable permutations = A003319 *) p[n_] := p[n] = n! - Sum[ k!*p[n-k], {k, 1, n-1}]; t[n_, k_] /; n < k = 0; t[n_, 1] := p[n]; t[n_, k_] /; n >= k := t[n, k] = Sum[ t[n-j, k-1]*p[j], {j, 1, n}]; Flatten[ Table[ t[n, k], {n, 1, 10}, {k, 1, n}] ] (* _Jean-François Alcover_, Mar 06 2012, after _Philippe Deléham_ *)
%o (SageMath)
%o def A059438_triangle(dim) :
%o R = PolynomialRing(ZZ, 'x')
%o C = [R(0)] + [R(1) for i in range(dim+1)]
%o A = [(i + 2) // 2 for i in range(dim+1)]
%o A[0] = R.gen(); T = []
%o for k in range(1, dim+1) :
%o for n in range(k, 0, -1) :
%o C[n] = C[n-1] + C[n+1] * A[n-1]
%o T.append(list(C[1])[1::])
%o return T
%o A059438_triangle(8) # _Peter Luschny_, Sep 10 2022
%o (SageMath) Alternatively, using the function PartTrans from A357078:
%o # Adds a (0,0)-based column (1, 0, 0, ...) to the left of the triangle.
%o dim = 10
%o A = ZZ[['t']]; g = A([0]+[factorial(n) for n in range(1, 30)]).O(dim+2)
%o PartTrans(dim, lambda n: list(g / (1 + g))[n]) # _Peter Luschny_, Sep 11 2022
%Y A version with reflected rows is A263484.
%Y Diagonals give A003319, A059439, A059440, A055998.
%Y Cf. A000007, A085771, A084938.
%Y T(2n,n) gives A308650.
%K nonn,tabl,easy,nice
%O 1,4
%A _N. J. A. Sloane_, Feb 01 2001
%E More terms from _Vladeta Jovovic_, Mar 04 2001
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